Cassette for sample preparation

ABSTRACT

Apparatuses for preparing a sample are disclosed herein. The apparatuses include a chamber, a first valve at least partially disposed in the first chamber, a second valve at least partially disposed in the first chamber, and a pump comprising an actuator and nozzle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/456,029, filed Mar. 10, 2017, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/666,573, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,624,531, filed Mar. 24, 2015, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/910,953, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,017,617, filed Jun. 5, 2013, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/357,947, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,476,078, filed Jan. 25, 2012, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/789,831, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,124,024, filed May 28, 2010, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/582,651, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,727,473, filed Oct. 17, 2006, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/728,569, filed Oct. 19, 2005, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/753,622, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/753,618, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “CASSETTE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION,” each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND 1). Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology devices and, in particular, to devices and methods for preparing samples.

2). Discussion of Related Art

DNA can be used to develop new drugs or to link someone to a crime. However, before this can be done, the DNA must be isolated from a sample. These samples include, for example, blood, urine, human cells, hair, bacteria, yeast and tissue. Each of these samples include cells, which include nucleic acid. Nucleic acid is a nucleotide chain, which conveys genetic information. The most common forms of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA.

In order to isolate the nucleic acid from the samples, prior art devices use a tray having several exposed cavities. The sample is placed into one of the cavities and conventional processing steps are used to isolate the DNA from the sample.

This prior art system has several disadvantages, including contamination. Since the cavities are exposed, contaminants can easily affect the DNA. In addition, the prior art system requires the preparation of several samples at one time. It is difficult to prepare one or two samples at a time using the prior art devices.

SUMMARY

A cassette for preparing a sample is disclosed herein. The cassette includes at least one mixing chamber for receiving a sample of cells; a first holding chamber; an enzyme in the first holding chamber, the enzyme being transferable into the at least one mixing chamber to break the cells and release nucleic acid from the cells to create bulk material and the nucleic acid in the bulk material; a second holding chamber; magnetic particles in the second holding chamber, the magnetic particles being transferable to the at least one mixing chamber to bind with the nucleic acid; and at least one magnet, positionable to attract the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid and at least partially separate the nucleic acid from the bulk material in the at least one mixing chamber.

The mixing chamber has a top surface, the top surface having an opening therein. A removable lid for accessing the opening of the mixing chamber is also provided. The enzyme may be proteinase K. First and second plungers in the first holding chamber and second holding chamber may also be provided, each plunger being movable to transfer the enzyme and magnetic particles, respectively, into the mixing chamber. A thin film that is breakable to transfer the enzyme and magnetic particles through respective ruptures in the thin film into the mixing chamber may also be provided. First and second plungers in the first holding chamber and second holding chamber, each plunger being movable to break the thin film and transfer the enzyme and magnetic particles, respectively into the mixing chamber, may also be provided. A third holding chamber and a lysis solution in the third holding chamber may also be provided, the lysis solution being transferable into the mixing chamber to solubilize the bulk material. A fourth holding chamber and a binding solution in the fourth holding chamber may also be provided, the binding solution being transferable into the mixing chamber to bind the nucleic acid to the magnetic particles. A heating element for heating the mixing chamber may also be provided.

The cassette may also include a first separation piece having a surface; a first transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein, the at least one magnet transferring the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid into the cavity in the surface of the first transfer piece, the first transfer piece being movable relative to the first separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the mixing chamber and past the surface of the first separation piece; and a first receiving chamber which receives the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the first separation piece. The cassette may further include a second separation piece having a surface; a second transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein, the second transfer piece being movable relative to the second separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the first receiving chamber and past the surface of the second separation piece; and a second receiving chamber which receives the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the second separation piece. The cassette may yet further include a third separation piece having a surface; a third transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein, the third transfer piece being movable relative to the third separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the second receiving chamber and past the surface of the third separation piece; and a third receiving chamber which receives the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the third separation piece.

The first receiving chamber may be a washing chamber, and the cassette may further include a washing solution in the washing chamber. The second receiving chamber may be a washing chamber, and the cassette may further include a washing solution in the washing chamber. The third receiving chamber may be an elution chamber, and the cassette may further include an elution buffer in the elution chamber for separating the magnetic particles and the nucleic acid.

A cassette for preparing a sample is disclosed herein. The cassette includes at least one mixing chamber for receiving a sample of cells, an enzyme being added in the mixing chamber to break the cells and release nucleic acid from the cells to create bulk material and nucleic acid in the bulk material, magnetic particles being added to the mixing chamber to bind with the nucleic acid; a first separation piece having a surface; a first transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein; a magnet, positionable to attract the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid and at least partially separate the nucleic acid from the bulk material in the at least one mixing chamber and to transfer the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid into the cavity in the surface of the first transfer piece, the first transfer piece being movable relative to the first separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the mixing chamber and past the surface of the first separation piece; and a first receiving chamber which receives the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the first separation piece.

The second piece may be rotatable relative to the first piece. The first receiving chamber may be a washing chamber, and the cassette may further include a washing solution in the washing chamber. The cassette may also include an elution chamber, and an elution buffer in the elution chamber for separating the magnetic particles and the nucleic acid. The cassette may also include a second separation piece having a surface, a second transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein, the second transfer piece being movable relative to the second separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the first receiving chamber and past the surface of the second separation piece, the elution chamber receiving the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the first separation piece. The second transfer piece may be moveable relative to the second separation piece so that the magnetic particles move out of the elution chamber, leaving the nucleic acid in the elution chamber.

The secondary chamber may be an elution chamber and the cassette may further include an elution buffer in the elution chamber for separating the magnetic particles and the nucleic acid. The cassette may also include a second separation piece having a surface, a second transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein, the second transfer piece being movable relative to the second separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the first receiving chamber and past the surface of the second separation piece, and a second receiving chamber which receives the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the second separation piece. The cassette may further include a third separation piece having a surface, a third transfer piece having a surface with a cavity therein, the third transfer piece being movable relative to the third separation piece so that the magnetic particles together with the nucleic acid move out of the second receiving chamber and past the surface of the third separation piece, and a third receiving chamber which receives the magnetic particles and nucleic acid after moving past the surface of the third separation piece. The second receiving chamber may be a washing chamber, and the cassette may further include a washing solution in the washing chamber. The third receiving chamber may be an elution chamber, and the cassette may further include an elution buffer in the elution chamber for separating the magnetic particles and the nucleic acid.

A cassette for preparing samples is disclosed herein. The cassette includes an enclosure, the enclosure comprising a mixing chamber, the mixing chamber including an opening for receiving a sample of cells having nucleic acid; a plurality of holding chambers having contents, the contents of one of the plurality of holding chambers comprising magnetic particles, and the contents of one of the plurality of holding chambers comprising a proteinase K solution; a plurality of plungers, each of the plurality of plungers corresponding to one of the plurality of holding chambers, for transferring the contents of the plurality of holding chambers into the mixing chamber, the proteinase K solution breaking up the cells to release the nucleic acid and the nucleic acid binding to the magnetic particles in the mixing chamber; a first valve, coupled to the mixing chamber, the first valve including a positionable magnet for attracting the magnetic particles; a washing chamber, coupled to the first valve; a second valve, coupled to the first washing chamber, the second valve including a positionable magnet for attracting the magnetic particles; and an elution chamber, coupled to the second valve, the elution chamber including an opening for removing the nucleic acid from the elution chamber.

One of the plurality of holding chambers may include a binding solution and one of the plurality of holding chambers may include a lysis solution, and wherein one of the plurality of plungers may transfer the binding solution into the mixing chamber and wherein one of the plurality of plungers may transfer the lysis solution into the mixing chamber.

A cassette for preparing a sample is disclosed herein. The cassette includes a reaction chamber for receiving a sample of cells; a first holding chamber; an enzyme in the first holding chamber, the enzyme being transferable into the reaction chamber to break the cells and release nucleic acid from the cells to create bulk material and the nucleic acid in the bulk material; a particle chamber; particles to bind with the nucleic acid in the particle chamber; a second holding chamber; an elution buffer in the second holding chamber to release the nucleic acid from the particles; and an elution chamber for receiving the elution buffer and the released nucleic acid, wherein the elution buffer is transferable from the holding chamber to the reaction chamber, through the particle chamber, and into the elution chamber.

The cassette may include a third holding chamber and a lysis solution in the third holding chamber, the lysis solution being transferable into the reaction chamber to solubilize the bulk material.

The cassette may include a fourth holding chamber and a binding solution in the fourth holding chamber, the binding solution being transferable into the reaction chamber to bind the nucleic acid to the particles.

The reaction chamber may be aligned with the particle chamber and the elution chamber may be alignable with the particle chamber.

The cassette may include a waste chamber for receiving the enzyme and bulk material.

The cassette may include a plunger to transfer the contents of the reaction chamber through the particle chamber and into the waste chamber.

The cassette may include a plunger to transfer the contents of the reaction chamber through the particle chamber and into the elution chamber.

The cassette may include a valve in each of the first and second holding chambers to transfer the contents of each of the first and second holding chambers into the reaction chamber.

The valve may include a plunger to transfer the contents from the valve into the reaction chamber.

Another cassette for preparing samples is also disclosed herein. The cassette includes an enclosure, the enclosure including a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber including an opening for receiving a sample of cells having nucleic acid; a plurality of holding chambers; an enzyme in one of the plurality of holding chambers; a lysis buffer in one of the plurality of holding chambers; a binding buffer in one of the plurality of holding chambers; an elution buffer in one of the plurality of holding chambers; a particle chamber; particles in the particle chamber, the particles to releasably bind with the nucleic acid; and an elution chamber to receive the released nucleic acid, the elution chamber including an opening for removing the nucleic acid from the enclosure.

The enclosure may include a waste chamber.

Each of the plurality of holding chambers may include a plunger for transferring contents of the plurality of holding chambers to the reaction chamber.

The cassette may include one or more washing buffers in one or more of the plurality of holding chambers.

The reaction chamber may be aligned with the particle chamber and wherein the elution chamber may be alignable with the particle chamber.

A further cassette for preparing a sample is also disclosed herein. The cassette includes a reaction chamber for receiving a sample of cells; a first holding chamber; an enzyme in the first holding chamber, the enzyme being transferable into the reaction chamber to break the cells and release nucleic acid from the cells to create bulk material and the nucleic acid in the bulk material; a particle chamber; particles to bind with the nucleic acid in the particle chamber; a second holding chamber; an elution buffer in the second holding chamber to release the nucleic acid from the particles; and an elution chamber for receiving the elution buffer and the released nucleic acid, wherein each of the holding chambers comprises an outer housing having a first chamber therein and at least one opening, the first chamber receiving a valve, the valve comprising: an inner housing having a second chamber therein and at least one opening, the inner housing rotatable relative to the outer housing/the at least one opening of the inner housing alignable with the at least one opening of the outer housing, the second chamber having contents; and a plunger in the second chamber to transfer the contents of the second chamber through the at least one opening of the inner housing and the at least one opening of the outer housing when the at least one opening of the inner housing and the at least one opening of the outer housing are aligned.

The cassette may include a third holding chamber and a lysis solution in the third holding chamber, the lysis solution being transferable into the reaction chamber to solubilize the bulk material.

The cassette may include a fourth holding chamber and a binding solution in the fourth holding chamber, the binding solution being transferable into the reaction chamber to bind the nucleic acid to the particles.

The cassette may include a waste chamber for receiving the enzyme and bulk material.

The cassette may include a plunger to transfer the contents of the reaction chamber through the particle chamber and into the waste chamber.

The cassette may include a plunger to transfer the contents of the reaction chamber through the particle chamber and into the elution chamber.

The reaction chamber may be aligned with the particle chamber and wherein the elution chamber may be alignable with the particle chamber.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a cassette for preparing samples according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cassette for preparing samples according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view showing a sample being placed into the cassette using a pipette, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a magazine, in which the cassette of FIG. 1 is used, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an instrument, in which the magazine of FIG. 4 is used, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of a PK solution into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of a lysis solution into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of a binding solution into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of metallic beads into the mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing metallic beads bound to a first valve, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of metallic beads from a mixing chamber to a washing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective end view of a valve for use in the cassette of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing metallic beads bound to a second valve, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of metallic beads from a first washing chamber to a second washing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing metallic beads bound to a third valve, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing the transfer of metallic beads from a second washing chamber to an elution chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing transfer of metallic beads from an elution chamber to a second washing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional side view of the cassette of FIG. 1, showing removal of a prepared sample from an elution chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a magazine in which a multi-channel pipette is used to access a plurality of samples from a plurality of cassettes;

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the cassette of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 21 is a detailed perspective view of an assembly component of the cassette of FIG. 20 according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a detailed perspective view of a plunger of the cassette of FIG. 20 according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 23 is a detailed perspective view of a valve of the cassette according to an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 24 is a detailed perspective view of the valve of FIG. 23 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a cassette for preparing samples according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 26 is a partial cross-sectional view of the cassette of FIG. 25;

FIG. 27 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of a valve for use in the cassette of FIG. 25;

FIG. 28 is a partial cross-sectional side view of the valve of FIG. 25;

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the addition of a sample into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the transfer of a PK solution into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the transfer of a lysis solution into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the transfer of a binding solution into a mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing transfer of a sample through particles and into a waste chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the pumping of a wash buffer into the mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the pumping of the wash buffer through the particles, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the pumping of a second wash buffer into the mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the pumping of the second wash buffer through the particles, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the pumping of an elution buffer into the mixing chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the pumping of the elution buffer through the particles and into the elution chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the cassette of FIG. 25, showing the removal of the sample from the elution chamber, according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a cassette 10, which can be used to prepare cell samples. The cassette 10 includes a housing 12, a mixing chamber 14, first, second third and fourth holding chambers 16, 18, 20 and 22, first, second, third and fourth plungers 24, 26, 28 and 30, first, second and third valves 32, 34 and 36, first and second washing chambers 38 and 40, an elution chamber 42, first, second, third and fourth pumps 44, 46, 48 and 50, first and second lids 52 and 54, first and second heating elements 56 and 58 and a magnet 60.

Each of the chambers 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 38, 40 and 42, plungers 24, 26, 28 and 30, valves 32, 34 and 36, pumps 44, 46, 48 and 50, and heating elements 56 and 58 are enclosed within the housing. The lids 52 and 54 are movably attached to the housing 12. The magnet 60 is removably positionable in the first valve 32, second valve 34 and third valve 36.

The mixing chamber 14 has a top surface 62, a bottom surface 64 and opposing side surfaces 66, 68. The top surface 62 of the mixing chamber includes an opening 70 therein.

The first lid 52 is configured to provide access to the opening 70 in the top surface 62 of the mixing chamber. The first lid 52 and the opening 70 are coaxial. The first lid 52 is shown being movably attached to the housing 12, such that when the lid 52 is open or off, the opening 70 is accessible and if the lid 52 is closed or on, the opening 70 is not accessible.

A thin film 74 forms one wall of the mixing chamber 14. The thin film 74 is breakable, such that the mixing chamber 14 is accessible when the thin film 74 has been broken or ruptured.

The first holding chamber 16, second holding chamber 18, third holding chamber 20 and fourth holding chamber 22 are shown located next to the mixing chamber 14 and aligned vertically with one another. Each of the holding chambers 16, 18, 20, 22 has an opening 76 next to the thin film 74 of the mixing chamber 14.

The cassette 10 further includes magnetic iron particles in the form of magnetic iron beads in the first holding chamber 16. The cassette 10 further includes a binding solution in the second holding chamber 18. The cassette 10 further includes a lysis solution in the third holding chamber 20. The cassette 10 further includes a proteinase K (PK) solution in the fourth holding chamber 22.

The first, second, third and fourth plungers 24, 26, 28 and 30 are located in the first, second, third and fourth holding chambers 16, 18, 20 and 22, respectively.

Each of the plungers 16, 18, 20, 22 includes a base 78, a shaft 80 and a piercing element 82. The shaft 80 extends from the base 78. The piercing element 82 is at the end of the shaft 80 opposing the base 78 and is pointed. The piercing element 82 is configured to break or rupture the thin film 74 of the mixing chamber 14.

The first pump 44 is a bellows pump having a pumping portion and a nozzle portion. The nozzle portion of the first pump 44 is located inside the mixing chamber 14. The pumping portion of the first pump 44 is located outside the mixing chamber, such that the pumping portion is actuatable.

A heating element 56 is provided at the bottom surface 64 of the mixing chamber 14 for heating the contents of the mixing chamber 14. The heating element 56 may be a variable heating element.

The opposing side surface 68 of the mixing chamber 14 also includes an opening 84. A first valve 32 is provided between the opening 84 in the side 68 of the mixing chamber 14 and the first washing chamber 38.

The first valve 32 has a first stationary piece 86 and a second moveable piece 88, the second piece 88 being moveable relative to the first piece 86. The first stationary piece 86 includes a first opening 90 and a second opening 92 and has a surface 94. The second piece 88 has an opening 94 therein for receiving the magnet 60. The second piece 88 has a surface 96 with a cavity 98 therein. The magnet 60 is shaped to correspond to the opening 94 in the second piece 88. The magnet 60 is moveable in the opening 94 of the second piece 88, and is removable from the second piece 88.

The cassette 10 includes a washing solution in the first washing chamber 38. The second pump 46 is also a bellows pump, and the nozzle portion of the second pump 46 is located in the first washing chamber 38.

The second valve 34 is provided between the first washing chamber 38 and the second washing chamber 40. The second valve 34 is structurally and functionally the same as the first valve 43, and also includes a first stationary piece 86 and a second moveable piece 88. The first stationary piece 86 includes a first opening 90 and a second opening 92 and has a surface 94. The second moveable piece 88 has a surface 96 with a cavity 98 therein.

The cassette 10 includes a washing solution in the second washing chamber 40. The third pump 48 is also a bellows pump, and the nozzle portion of the third pump 48 is located in the second washing chamber 40.

The third valve 36 is provided between the second washing chamber 40 and the elution chamber 42. The third valve 36 is structurally and functionally the same as the first valve 32 and the second valve 34, and also includes a first stationary piece 86 and a second moveable piece 88. The first stationary piece 86 includes a first opening 90 and a second opening 92 and has a surface 94. The second moveable piece 88 has a surface 96 with a cavity 98 therein.

The cassette 10 includes a washing solution in the elution chamber 42. The fourth pump 50 is also a bellows pump, and the nozzle portion of the fourth pump 50 is located in the elution chamber 42.

A heating element 58 is provided at the bottom surface of the elution chamber 42 for heating the contents of the elution chamber 42. The heating element 58 may be a variable heating element.

The elution chamber 42 includes an opening 100 at its top surface for accessing the contents of the elution chamber 42.

The second lid 54 is configured to provide access to the opening 100 in the top surface of the elution chamber 42. The second lid 54 is coaxial with the opening 100. The second lid 54 is shown being movably attached to the housing 12, such that when the lid 54 is open or off, the opening 100 is accessible and if the lid 54 is closed or on, the opening 100 is not accessible.

With reference to FIG. 2, as described above, the cassette 10 includes a housing 12. The housing 12 includes a first assembly component 102, a second assembly component 104 and a third assembly component 106.

The first assembly component 102 includes the mixing chamber 14, the washing chambers 38 and 40, the elution chamber 42 and the first stationary piece 86 of each of the valves 32, 34 and 36. The first assembly component 102 also includes attachment parts 108, 110 (see FIG. 1) at one of its ends and an attachment piece 112 (see FIG. 1).

The second assembly component 104 includes the holding chambers 16, 18, 20 and 22 and an opening for receiving the first pump 44. The second assembly component 104 also includes attachment receiving parts 114, 116 (see FIG. 1).

The third assembly component 106 includes openings for receiving the second, third and fourth pumps 46, 48 and 50, respectively, and includes lids 52 and 54.

The cassette 10 is assembled by inserting the attachment components 108, 110 of the first assembly component 102 into the attachment receiving components 114, 116 of the second assembly component 104, respectively. The third assembly component 106 is then secured to the first assembly component using the attachment piece 112, thereby forming the assembled cassette 10, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The plungers 24, 26, 28 and 30, pumps 44, 46, 48 and 50, and the second moveable piece 88 of each of the valves 32, 34 and 36, are inserted into the cassette 10.

In use, as shown in FIG. 3, the first lid 52 is removed to provide access to the opening 70 of the mixing chamber 14. A sample of cells is placed into an assembled cassette 10 using a pipette 118. The cells in the sample include nucleic acid. The pipette 118 having the sample therein is placed in the mixing chamber 14. The sample is released from the pipette 118.

As shown in FIG. 4, the cassette 10 is closed by closing the first lid 52. The cassette 10 is then placed together with similar cassettes 10 into a magazine 120, or rack, for containing a series of cassettes 10.

As shown in FIG. 5, the magazine 120 is placed into an instrument 122. A protocol may be selected for preparing the sample in the cassette 10 in the instrument 122.

As shown in FIG. 6, the PK solution is added to the sample. The PK solution is added by moving the plunger 30 in the fourth holding chamber 22. A force is applied to the base 78 of the plunger 30 to move the plunger 30. As the piercing element 82 of the plunger 30 advances toward the mixing chamber 14, the piercing element 82 punctures and ruptures the thin film 74. The break in the thin film 74 provides access to the mixing chamber 14. Continued motion of the plunger 30 transfers the contents (e.g., PK solution) of the first holding chamber 22 into the mixing chamber 14.

The PK solution is mixed with the sample by pumping the mixture with the first pump 44. The PK solution destroys the walls of the cells of the sample, creating bulk material and nucleic acid in the bulk material.

As shown in FIG. 7, the lysis solution is added to the sample. Plunger 28 operates in the same manner as plunger 30 to transfer the lysis solution in the third holding chamber 20 into the mixing chamber 14. The sample is pumped to mix the lysis buffer with the PK solution and sample of cells. The lysis solution is typically a salt or detergent. The lysis solution is used to solulibize the bulk material. The lysis solution typically does not solulibize proteins.

The heating element 56 may be used to heat the lysis solution and sample. The heating element 56 may be controlled by the instrument 122. As described hereinabove, the temperature of the heating element 56 may be variable, and is selected to optimize the effectiveness of the lysis solution.

As shown in FIG. 8, the binding solution is added to the sample, PK solution and lysis buffer solution. Plunger 26 operates in the same manner as plunger 30 to transfer the binding solution in the second holding chamber 18 into the mixing chamber 14. The solution is pumped to mix the binding solution with the PK solution, lysis solution and sample. The binding solution is typically hydrophobic and increases salt in the solution. The binding solution causes the nucleic acid to be magnetically charged.

As shown in FIG. 9, the magnetic beads are added to the solution and pumped for about two minutes. Plunger 24 operates in the same manner as plunger 30 to transfer the lysis solution in the first holding chamber 18 into the mixing chamber 14. The magnetic beads bind to the magnetically charged nucleic acid.

As shown in FIG. 10, the magnetic beads, together with the nucleic acid, are bound to the first valve 32. The removable positionable magnet 60 is placed in the first valve 32 and slid to a position in the first valve 32 to attract the magnetic beads, which are bound to the nucleic acid, from the mixing chamber 14 to the first valve 32.

As shown in FIG. 11, the magnetic beads, together with the nucleic acid, are then moved from the mixing chamber 14 and received in the first washing chamber 38.

FIG. 12 is a detailed view of the valves 32, 34, 36 illustrating the movement of the magnetic beads from the mixing chamber 14 to the first washing chamber 38. As discussed above each of the valves 32, 34 and 36 include a first stationary piece 86 and a second moveable piece 88, the second piece 88 being moveable relative to the first piece 86.

The magnet 60 is inserted into the opening 94 of the second piece 88. The magnet 60 is inserted to a position corresponding to the openings 90 and 92 of the first piece 86. The magnet 60 attracts the magnetic beads from the mixing chamber 14 through the opening 90 in the first piece 86 and into the cavity 98 in the second piece 88. The second piece 88 is rotated such that the magnetic beads are sealed in the cavity 98 of the second piece 88, between surfaces of the second piece 88 and the first piece 86. The second piece 88 is rotated past the surface 94 of the first piece 86, such that the cavity 98 is accessible in the opening 92 of the first piece 86. The magnet 60 is then removed from the opening 94 in the second piece 88 to release the magnetic beads from the cavity 98 in the second piece 88.

As shown in FIG. 13, the magnetic beads and nucleic acid are then washed with the washing solution by pumping the solution with the second pump 46. The magnetic beads, together with the nucleic acid, are then bound to the second valve 34 by inserting the magnet 60 into the second valve 34, as described above with reference to FIG. 12.

As shown in FIG. 14, the magnetic beads, together with the nucleic acid, are then moved from the first washing chamber 38 to the second washing chamber 40 using the second valve 34. The second valve 34 transfers the magnetic beads and nucleic acid from the first washing chamber 38 to the second washing chamber 40, as described above with reference to FIG. 12.

As shown in FIG. 15, the magnetic beads and nucleic acid are then washed with the washing solution a second time by pumping the solution with the third pump 48. The magnetic beads, together with the nucleic acid, are then bound to the third valve 36 by positioning the magnet 60 in the third valve 36, as described above with reference to FIG. 12.

As shown in FIG. 16, the magnetic beads and nucleic acid are then moved from the second washing chamber 40 to the elution chamber 42. The magnetic beads and nucleic acid are transferred from the second washing chamber 40 to the elution chamber 42 using the procedure described above with reference to FIG. 12.

An elution buffer solution is then mixed with the magnetic beads and nucleic acid by pumping the solution with the fourth pump 50. The heating element 58 may be used to heat the elution buffer, magnetic beads and nucleic acid. The heating element 58 may be controlled by the instrument 122. The temperature may be variable and may be selected to optimize release of the nucleic acid from the magnetic beads.

The magnetic beads alone are then bound again to the third valve 36 by positioning the magnet 60 in the third valve 36 as described above with reference to FIG. 12.

As shown in FIG. 17, the magnetic beads alone are then moved from the elution chamber 42 back into the second washing chamber 40, leaving the nucleic acid in the elution chamber 42. The magnetic beads are transferred from the elution chamber 42 to the second washing chamber 40 using the procedure described above with reference to FIG. 12.

As shown in FIG. 18, the prepared sample of nucleic acid may be accessed using a second pipette 124. The second lid 54 is removed to provide access to the opening 100 in the elution chamber 42. The pipette 124 is inserted into the opening 100 and the prepared sample of nucleic acid is withdrawn.

As shown in FIG. 19, a multi-channel pipette 126 may be used to access a plurality of samples from a plurality of cassettes 10.

FIG. 20 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the cassette 10. The cassette 10 a illustrated in FIG. 20 differs from the cassette 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 in that the assembly component 104 a includes a seal 130, the plungers 24 a, 26 a, 28 a and 30 a each include seals 132, 134, 136 and 138, respectively, and the valves 32 a, 34 a and 36 a have a different arrangement, as discussed hereinafter.

FIG. 21 illustrates the assembly component 104 a in more detail. The assembly component 104 a includes a seal 130. The illustrated seal 130 is a double elastomer, which extends along the circumference of the assembly component 104 a.

FIG. 22 illustrates the plunger 24 a in more detail. The plunger 24 a includes a seal 132. The illustrated seal 132 is also a double elastomer, which extends along the circumference of the plunger 24 a. It will be appreciated that each of plungers 26 a, 28 a and 30 a may also have a similar arrangement.

FIGS. 23 and 24 illustrate the valve 32 a in more detail. It will be appreciated that valves 34 a and 36 a also have a similar arrangement. The valve 32 a includes a magnet 60 a, a housing 142, and a shaft 144. The housing 142 includes a first opening (not shown) to receive the magnet 60 a and a second opening 148 to expose the magnet 60 a and receive the particles 146. The magnet 60 a is shaped to correspond to the opening 148 and is selected to attract the particles 146. The housing 142 also includes a third opening (not shown) for receiving the shaft 144. As shown in FIG. 24, the shaft 144 may include a keyed element 150. The keyed element 150 is shaped to engage the cassette 10 a. It will be appreciated that the shaft may be removable or an integrated element of the valve 32 a. It will also be appreciated that the housing 142 may, alternatively, include the keyed element.

The shaft 144 is engageable with the housing 142 and magnet 60 a to rotate the housing 142 and magnet 60 a relative to the cassette 10 a to move the particles 146 from the mixing chamber 14 a to the washing chamber 38 a. It will be appreciated that valves 34 a and 36 a operate in a similar manner to transfer the particles 146 from the washing chamber 38 a to the washing chamber 40 a and from the washing chamber 40 a to the elution chamber 42 a, respectively.

In one embodiment, a total of about 200 μL sample is placed into the cassette. The sample is mixed with a total of about 50 μL of the PK solution by pumping the mixture of the sample and PK solution for about one minute. A total of about 200 μL of the lysis solution is added to the sample and PK solution, and the solutions are pumped for about one minute to mix the solutions. The mixture is then heated at about 60° C. for about ten minutes, and the mixture is allowed to cool for about 5 minutes. The mixture is further pumped while it cools. A total of about 500 μL of binding solution is added to the mixture. The solutions are pumped for about one minute. The magnetic beads are added to the solution and pumped for about two minutes. The magnetic beads are transferred and washed as described above. A total of about 700 μL of washing solution is provided in each of the washing chambers. A total of about 200 μL of elution solution is provided in the elution chamber. The magnetic beads are mixed with the elution solution by pumping the mixture for about one minute. The mixture is then heated at about 90° C. for about two minutes. The process continues as previously described.

Although the cassette 10 has been described as having a mixing chamber 14, two washing chambers 38 and 40 and an elution chamber 42, it is envisioned that only one washing chamber or no washing chamber may alternatively be provided.

Although the cassette has been described as using a single removable magnet 60, it is envisioned that each valve may include a positionable magnet, such that the magnet does not need to be removed. The magnet 60 may be rotatable, and used to rotate the second piece of the valves. Alternatively, the magnet may only slide inside of each of the valves, and the second piece is rotated independent of the magnet.

It is envisioned that a cassette 10 that does not use valves as described herein may be used to transfer the magnetic particles from the mixing chamber to the elution chamber. In such an embodiment, a slideable magnet may be provided to transfer the magnetic particles from one chamber to the next.

Although the cassette 10 has been described as using a PK solution, lysis solution, binding solution and magnetic beads to release the nucleic acid and magnetic beads, it is envisioned that it may be possible to practice the invention without using each of the above solutions. In addition, although the solution was described as using a PK solution to break up the cells, it is envisioned that any enzyme which causes cells to break up to release nucleic acid may be used with the invention.

It is envisioned that the housing 12 may be transparent, such that the procedure can be viewed.

In one embodiment the thin film 74 is a lamination.

In one embodiment, the lids 52 and 54 may be screw-top lids. In one embodiment, the lids 52, 54 include a hydrophobic membrane, which allows gasses to vent through the lid, but does not allow the liquids to escape the cassette 100.

In one embodiment, pump 50 is insertable into opening 100. In one embodiment, pump 50 can also be used as a pipette to remove the sample from the cassette 10.

It is also envisioned that the mixing chamber 14 may be provided without a puncturable thin film 74. In such an embodiment, the plungers 24, 26, 28 and 30 would not need a piercing element 82. Instead, the plungers 24, 26, 28 and 30 would have a sealing element to prevent leakage of the contents of the holding chamber 16, 18, 20 and 22, associated with each plunger 24, 26, 28 and 30, respectively, until the plunger was moved.

FIG. 25 illustrates a cassette 200, which can be used to prepare cell samples. The cassette 200 includes a housing 202, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth holding chambers 204 a-h, respectively. Each of the holding chambers 204 a-h includes a valve assembly 206 a-h therein. A locking element 207 may also be provided.

FIG. 26 illustrates the cassette 200 in more detail. The cassette 200 further includes a reaction chamber 208, a particle chamber 210, a waste chamber 212, a waste overflow chamber 214, an elution chamber 216, a plunger 218, and first and second lids 220 and 222, respectively. The cassette 200 may also include one or more heating elements (not shown).

Each of the holding chambers 204 a-h, valve assemblies 206 a-h, reaction chamber 208, particle chamber 210, waster chamber 212, waster overflow chamber 214, and plunger 218 are enclosed within the housing 202. The lids 222, 224 are movably or removably attached to the housing 202.

The reaction chamber 208 has a top surface 226, a bottom surface 228 and opposing side surfaces 230, 232.

The top surface 226 of the reaction chamber 208 includes an opening 234 therein. The first lid 222 is configured to provide access to the opening 234 in the top surface 226 of the reaction chamber 208. The illustrated lid 222 is a screw-top lid; however, any other lid which (removably) provides access to the opening 234.

The bottom surface 228 of the reaction chamber 208 includes an opening 236 therein. The opening 236 allows the reaction chamber 208 to be in fluid communication with the particle chamber 210.

The side surface 232 includes openings 238 a-h therein. The openings 238 ah allow the reaction chamber 208 to be in fluid communication with the holding chambers 204 a-h, respectively.

The cassette 200 includes a binding solution in a holding chamber 204 a. The cassette 200 further includes a lysis solution in a holding chamber 204 b. The cassette 200 further includes a proteinase K (PK) solution in a holding chamber 204 c. The cassette 200 further includes a washing solution in one or more of the holding chambers 204 d-e. The cassette 200 further includes an elution solution in a holding chamber 204 f.

The plunger 218 and the first lid 222 are shown attached to one another to form an integral plunging system. The plunger 218 is compressible to pump the contents of the reaction chamber 208. Alternatively, a separate pump may also be provided to pump the contents of the reaction chamber 208. The plunger 218 is also moveable within the reaction chamber 208 to push the contents of the reaction chamber 208 through the particle chamber 210.

The holding chambers 204 a-h are formed in the housing 202 of the cassette 200. Each of the holding chambers 204 a-h include a guide 240 a-h engageable with a corresponding slot in the valve assembly 206. The holding chambers 204 a-h also include at least one opening 242 a-h, engageable with corresponding openings in the valve assembly 206 a-h. The housing 202 also includes slots 244 a-h, engageable with corresponding guides in the valve assembly 206 a-h.

The particle chamber 210 includes a body 250, having a first opening 252, a second opening 254, and a plurality of particles 256 thereon. The particles may be magnetic or nonmagnetic, depending on the application of the cassette 200. The particles may be, for example, cellulose, plastic or iron. The particle chamber 210 is shown aligned with the reaction chamber 208.

The waste chamber 212 and the elution chamber 216 are integrated with one another and are rotatable relative to the housing 202. The waste overflow chamber 214 is positioned near the waste chamber 212 and is capable of being in fluid communication with the waste chamber 212. The waste chamber 212 and elution chamber 216 are alignable with the particle chamber and are capable of being in fluid communication with the particle chamber 210.

The waste chamber 212 has a top surface 270, a bottom surface 272, an inner surface 274 and an outer surface 276. The overflow waste chamber 214 has a top surface 278, a bottom surface 280 and opposing side surfaces 282, 284. The elution chamber 216 also has a top surface 286, a bottom surface 288, an inner surface 290 and an outer surface 292.

It will be appreciated that the outer surface 276 of the waste chamber 212 and the outer surface 292 of the elution chamber 216 are integrated with one another. It will also be appreciated that the inner surface 274 of the waste chamber 212 is the same as the inner surface 290 of the elution chamber 216.

The top surface 270 of the waste chamber 212 and the top surface 286 of the elution chamber 216 each have an opening 294, 296, respectively. These openings 294, 296 are alignable with the opening 252 in the particle chamber 210 to provide a fluid communication route between the particle chamber 210 and the waste chamber 212 and the elution chamber 216.

The outer surface 276 of the waste chamber 212 includes an opening 298 therein. One of the side surfaces 282, 284 of the overflow waste chamber 214 includes an opening 300 therein. The opening 298 and opening 300 are alignable, such that fluid flowing into the waste chamber 212 can flow from the waste chamber 212 and into the overflow waste chamber 214.

The bottom surface 288 of the elution chamber 216 includes an opening 302 therein. The second lid 224 is configured to provide access to the opening 302 in the bottom surface 288 of the elution chamber 216. The illustrated lid 224 is a screw-top lid; however, any other lid which (removably) provides access to the opening 302.

FIGS. 27 and 28 illustrate the valve assembly 206 in more detail. Valve assembly 206 includes a housing 310. The housing 310 includes a chamber 312 therein, a slot 314, and projections 316 extending therefrom. The chamber 312 includes a pump 318 therein. A lid 320 is provided at an end of the housing to seal the chamber 310. The lid includes first and second openings 322, 324, extending therethrough and providing fluid communication with the chamber 312.

When the openings 322, 324 are not aligned with openings 238 a-h, the contents of the chamber 312 are sealed within the valve assembly; however, when the openings 322, 324 are aligned with openings 238 a-h, the contents of the chamber 312 are releasable from the chamber 312. The slot 314 is used to guide the openings 322, 324 to the location where the openings 322, 324 are aligned with the openings 238 a-h. The pump 318 is used to transfer the contents from the chamber 312 and into the reaction chamber 214 through the openings 322, 324.

The cassette 200 is assembled by inserting the valve assemblies 206 a-h into the holding chambers 204 a-h of the housing. The locking element 207 may be connected to the housing to secure valve assemblies 206 a-h in the holding chambers 204 a-h. The waste chamber and elution chamber 216 assembly is inserted into the housing 202 and the lid 224 is secured to the housing 202. The plunger 218 is also inserted into the reaction chamber 208 and the lid 222 is secured to the housing.

In use, as shown in FIG. 29, the first lid 222 is removed to provide access to the opening 234 of the reaction chamber 208. A sample of cells 350 is placed into the cassette 200 using a pipette 352. The cells in the sample include nucleic acid. The pipette 352 having the sample therein is placed in the reaction chamber 208. The sample is released from the pipette 352.

As shown in FIG. 30, the PK solution is added to the sample. The PK solution is added by rotating the valve assembly 206 c relative to the housing 202. At least one of the openings 322, 324 of the valve assembly 206 c is aligned with the opening 242 c in the holding chamber 204 c to release the PK solution from the holding chamber 204 c and into the reaction chamber 208 through the opening 238 c in the housing 202.

The PK Solution is mixed with the sample by pumping the mixture with the plunger 218. As described hereinabove, the PK solution destroys the wall so the cells of the sample, creating bulk material and nucleic acid in the bulk material.

As shown in FIG. 31, the lysis solution is added to the sample. The valve assembly 206 b operates in the same manner as valve assembly 206 c to transfer the lysis solution in the holding chamber 204 b into the reaction chamber 208. The sample is typically pumped to mix the lysis solution with the mixed PK solution and sample. The lysis solution is typically a salt or detergent, and is used to solulibize the bulk material, as discussed hereinabove.

As shown in FIG. 32, a binding solution is added to the sample, PK solution and lysis solution. Valve assembly 206 a operates in the same manner as valve assembly 206 c to transfer the binding solution in the holding chamber 204 a into the reaction chamber 208. The solution is pumped to mix the binding solution with the PK solution, lysis solution and sample. The binding solution is typically hydrophobic and increases sale in the solution.

As shown in FIG. 33, the solution is pumped through the particles in the particle chamber 210. The nucleic acid binds to the particles in the particle chamber, while the remaining solution flows into the waste chamber 212, and, if needed, the waste overflow chamber 214. As described above, when the opening 298 in the waste chamber 212 is aligned with the opening 300 in the waste overflow chamber 214, the solution can flow into the waste overflow chamber 214 from the waste chamber 212.

As shown in FIG. 34, the washing solution is added to the reaction chamber 208 by operating the valve assembly 206 d in the same manner as valve assembly 206 c to transfer the washing solution from the holding chamber 204 d into the reaction chamber 208.

As shown in FIG. 35, the first washing solution is pumped through the particle chamber 210 and into the waste chamber 212, and, if needed, the waste overflow chamber 214.

As shown in FIG. 36, a second washing solution is added to the reaction chamber 208 by operating the valve assembly 206 e in the same manner as valve assembly 206 c to transfer the washing solution from the holding chamber 204 e into the reaction chamber 208.

As shown in FIG. 37, the second washing solution is pumped through the particle chamber 210 and into the waste chamber 212, and, if needed, the waste overflow chamber 214.

As shown in FIG. 38, an elution solution is added to the reaction chamber 208 by operating the valve assembly 206 f in the same manner as valve assembly 206 c to transfer the elution solution from the holding chamber 204 f into the reaction chamber 208.

The waste chamber and elution chamber assembly is rotated to align the opening 296 of the elution chamber 216 with the opening 252 of the particle chamber 210 such that the elution solution is transferable into the elution chamber 216. It will be appreciated that the opening 296 can be aligned with the opening 252 before or after the elution solution is added to the reaction chamber 208.

As shown in FIG. 39, the elution solution is pumped through the particle chamber 210 to elute the bound nucleic acid. The nucleic acid and elution solution flow into the elution chamber 216.

As shown in FIG. 40, the prepared sample of nucleic acid may be accessed using a pipette 354. The second lid 224 is removed to provide access to the opening 302 in the elution chamber 216. The pipette 354 is inserted into the opening 302 and the prepared sample of nucleic acid is withdrawn.

It will be appreciated that the cassette 200 can be placed with similar cassettes into a magazine or rack for containing a series of cassettes. The magazine or rack can be placed into an instrument, and a protocol may be selected for preparing the sample in the cassette 200 in the instrument.

Cassette 200 may include one or more heating elements as described hereinabove with respect to cassette 100.

The cassettes 100, 200 may be disposable.

It will be appreciated that although the cassettes 100, 200 have been described with respect to breaking cells to extract nucleic acid, the cassettes 100, 200 can be used to break cells to extract other cell components, such as, for example, protein. Also, although a lysis solution has been described as being used to break up cells, it will be appreciated that any substance that can break up cells, such as, for example, reagents, enzymes, catatropic salts, other lysis solutions and the like.

The cassettes described herein are advantageous because it is closed. There is no contamination of the sample during the process. In addition, a fewer number of samples, including as few as one sample, may be prepared.

The foregoing description with attached drawings is only illustrative of possible embodiments of the described method and should only be construed as such. Other persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that many other specific embodiments are possible that fall within the scope and spirit of the present idea. The scope of the invention is indicated by the following claims rather than by the foregoing description. Any and all modifications which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the following claims are to be considered within their scope. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first housing defining a first chamber, a second chamber and an opening in fluid communication with the first chamber, the first chamber configured to contain at least a sample and a plurality of magnetic particles; a valve at least partially disposed within the first housing, the valve including a valve housing and a movable valve member, the valve housing defining a first valve opening in fluid communication with the first chamber and a second valve opening in fluid communication with the second chamber, the valve member defining a cavity configured to receive the plurality of magnetic particles to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the first chamber and the second chamber when the valve member moves relative to the valve housing between a first position and a second position, the valve configured to seal the plurality of magnetic particles within the cavity when the valve member moves relative to the valve housing, the cavity in fluid communication with the first valve opening when the valve member is in the first position, the cavity in fluid communication with the second valve opening when the valve member is in the second position; a first heating element configured to heat the first chamber; a second housing defining a reagent chamber configured to contain a reagent, the second housing including a puncturable portion defining a portion of a boundary of the reagent chamber; and a plunger at least partially disposed within the reagent chamber, a protrusion of the plunger configured to puncture the puncturable portion when the plunger is moved within the reagent chamber, a portion of the second housing configured to be disposed inside the first housing via the opening such that the puncturable portion defines a portion of a boundary of the first chamber and such that the reagent can be transferred from the reagent chamber to the first chamber of the first housing when the plunger is moved.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first heating element is variable heating element.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the valve at least partially disposed within the first housing is a first valve and wherein the apparatus further comprises: a third chamber and a fourth chamber; a second valve between the second chamber and the third chamber, the second valve including a second valve housing and a second movable valve member, the second valve housing defining a third valve opening in fluid communication with the second chamber and a fourth valve opening in fluid communication with the third chamber, the second valve member defining a second cavity configured to receive the plurality of magnetic particles to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the second chamber and the third chamber when the second valve member moves relative to the second valve housing between a first position and a second position, the second valve configured to seal the plurality of magnetic particles within the second cavity when the second valve member moves relative to the second valve housing, the second cavity in fluid communication with the third valve opening when the second valve member is in the first position, the second cavity in fluid communication with the fourth valve opening when the second valve member is in the second position; a third valve between the third chamber and the fourth chamber, the third valve including a third valve housing and a third movable valve member, the third valve housing defining a fifth valve opening in fluid communication with the third chamber and a sixth valve opening in fluid communication with the fourth chamber, the third valve member defining a third cavity configured to receive the plurality of magnetic particles to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the third chamber and the fourth chamber when the third valve member moves relative to the second valve housing between a first position and a second position, the third valve configured to seal the plurality of magnetic particles within the third cavity when the third valve member moves relative to the third valve housing, the third cavity in fluid communication with the fifth valve opening when the third valve member is in the first position, the third cavity in fluid communication with the sixth valve opening when the third valve member is in the second position; and a second heating element in the fourth chamber.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the second heating element is variable heating element.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reagent chamber is a first reagent chamber, the reagent is a first reagent and the plunger is a first plunger, the second housing defining a second reagent chamber configured to contain a second reagent, the apparatus further comprising: a second plunger at least partially disposed within the second reagent chamber, the portion of the second housing configured to be disposed inside the first housing via the opening such that the second reagent can be transferred from the second reagent chamber to the first chamber of the first housing when the second plunger is moved.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second housing includes an attachment portion configured to be matingly coupled to an attachment portion of the first housing when the portion of the second housing is disposed inside the first housing.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second housing includes a seal member configured to form a seal between the second housing and the first housing when the portion of the second housing is disposed inside the first housing.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a pump coupled to the second housing, the pump configured to mix the reagent with the sample disposed within first chamber of the first housing.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the valve member defines an opening configured to receive a shaft such that a magnetic portion of the shaft is aligned with a boundary of the cavity to retain the plurality of magnetic particles within the cavity.
 10. An apparatus, comprising: a first housing defining a first chamber and a second chamber, the first chamber configured to contain at least a sample and a plurality of magnetic particles; a valve at least partially disposed within the first housing, the valve including a movable valve member defining a cavity, the valve configured to seal the plurality of magnetic particles within the cavity to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the first chamber and the second chamber; a first heating element configured to heat the first chamber; a second housing defining a reagent chamber configured to contain a reagent, the second housing including a puncturable portion defining a portion of a boundary of the reagent chamber, the second housing configured to be coupled to the first housing such that the puncturable portion defines a portion of a boundary of the first chamber and such that the reagent chamber can be placed in fluid communication with the first chamber of the first housing, an attachment portion of the second housing disposed inside of an opening defined by the first housing when the second housing is coupled to the first housing; and a plunger disposed within the reagent chamber when the plunger is in a first plunger position, the plunger configured to puncture a portion of the puncturable portion and transfer the reagent from the reagent chamber to the first chamber of the first housing when the plunger is moved from the first plunger position to a second plunger position.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the first heating element is variable heating element.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the valve at least partially disposed within the first housing is a first valve and wherein the apparatus further comprises: a third chamber and a fourth chamber; a second valve at least partially disposed within the first housing, the second valve including a second movable valve member defining a second cavity, the second valve configured to seal the plurality of magnetic particles within the second cavity to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the second chamber and the third chamber; a third valve at least partially disposed within the first housing, the third valve including a third movable valve member defining a third cavity, the third valve configured to seal the plurality of magnetic particles within the third cavity to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the third chamber and the fourth chamber; and a second heating element in the fourth chamber.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the second heating element is variable heating element.
 14. The apparatus of 7, further comprising: a pump coupled to the second housing, the pump fluidically coupled to an elongate tip disposed at least partially within the first chamber of the first housing, the pump configured to mix the reagent with the sample disposed within first chamber of the first housing.
 15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein: the reagent chamber is a first reagent chamber configured to contain a first reagent, the first reagent chamber configured to be placed in fluid communication with the first chamber of the first housing via a first pathway; and the second housing defines a second reagent chamber configured to contain a second reagent, the second reagent chamber configured to be placed in fluid communication with the first chamber of the first housing via a second pathway different from the first pathway.
 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the reagent chamber is a first reagent chamber, the reagent is a first reagent and the plunger is a first plunger, the portion of the puncturable portion is a first portion, the second housing defining a second reagent chamber configured to contain a second reagent, the apparatus further comprising: a second plunger at least partially disposed within the second reagent chamber, the second plunger configured to puncture a second portion of the puncturable portion and transfer the second reagent from the second reagent chamber to the first chamber of the first housing when the second plunger is moved.
 17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein: the opening is in fluid communication with the first chamber; and the second housing includes a seal member configured to form a seal between the second housing and the first housing when the attachment portion of the second housing is disposed within the opening of the first housing.
 18. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein: the valve includes a valve housing defining a first opening in fluid communication with the first chamber and a second opening in fluid communication with the second chamber; and the valve member is configured to move relative to the valve housing between a first position and a second position to transfer the plurality of magnetic particles between the first chamber and the second chamber, the cavity in fluid communication with the first opening when the valve member is in a first position, the cavity in fluid communication with the second opening when the valve member is in a second position.
 19. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a pump coupled to the first housing, the pump configured to mix the sample within the second chamber, the pump including an actuator portion disposed outside of the first housing and an elongate tip disposed within the second chamber. 